#

RIVER SYSTEMS

    Himalayan Rivers

    1. Origin and Course

    Himalayan rivers originate from the glaciers and snowfields in the Himalayan mountain range. They flow through steep valleys and gorges, eventually reaching the plains where they form extensive river systems.

    2. Major River Systems

    1. Indus River System

    • Origin: Originates near the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet (China) and enters India in the Ladakh region of Jammu & Kashmir.
    • Course: Flows through Jammu & Kashmir, then enters Pakistan, where it flows through Punjab and Sindh before emptying into the Arabian Sea.
    • Tributaries in India:
      • Jhelum: Originates in the Kashmir Valley.
      • Chenab: Formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers in Himachal Pradesh.
      • Ravi: Originates in Himachal Pradesh.
      • Beas: Originates in the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass.
      • Sutlej: Originates near the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet.

    2. Ganga River System

    • Origin: Originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand, known as the Bhagirathi River, which later joins the Alaknanda River at Devprayag to form the Ganga.
    • Course: Flows through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Tributaries:
      • Yamuna: Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in Uttarakhand.
      • Ghaghara: Originates in Tibet, flows through Nepal and joins the Ganga in Uttar Pradesh.
      • Gandak: Originates in Nepal, flows into Bihar.
      • Kosi: Originates in Tibet, flows through Nepal and Bihar.
      • Son: Originates in Madhya Pradesh and joins the Ganga near Patna.

    3. Brahmaputra River System

    • Origin: Originates from the Angsi Glacier in Tibet (China) as the Yarlung Tsangpo River.
    • Course: Flows eastward through Tibet, enters India in Arunachal Pradesh as the Siang/Dihang River, and flows through Assam before entering Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna and finally merges with the Ganga.
    • Tributaries:
      • Subansiri: Originates in Tibet and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
      • Manas: Originates in Bhutan and flows into Assam.
      • Teesta: Originates in Sikkim and flows through West Bengal and Assam.

    3. Characteristics

    • Young and Perennial: These rivers are young, and due to their origins in the glaciers and heavy rainfall in the Himalayas, they have a continuous flow throughout the year.
    • High Silt Load: They carry a significant amount of silt and sediment due to the rapid erosion in their upper courses.
    • Dynamic and Changing Courses: The rivers frequently change their courses, especially in the plains, due to the deposition of sediments and flooding.
    • Deep Valleys and Gorges: In the mountainous regions, these rivers carve deep valleys and gorges, creating spectacular landscapes.

    4. Importance

    • Water Resources: Provide essential water resources for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use in the densely populated plains of North India.
    • Agriculture: Support extensive agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic plains, which is one of the most fertile regions in the world.
    • Hydropower: Potential for hydropower generation, with numerous dams and hydroelectric projects.
    • Biodiversity: Support rich biodiversity, including various fish species and other aquatic life.
    • Cultural and Religious Significance: Rivers like the Ganga hold immense cultural and religious significance for millions of people in India.

    5. Challenges

    • Pollution: Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and domestic sewage contribute to the pollution of these rivers.
    • Flooding: Frequent and severe flooding, especially during the monsoon season, causes loss of life, property, and agricultural land.
    • Climate Change: Melting glaciers and changing precipitation patterns affect the flow and health of these river systems.
    • Interstate Disputes: Water sharing disputes among states over river water allocation.

    Major River Systems

    1. East Flowing Rivers

    These rivers flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.

    • Godavari River
      • Origin: Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra.
      • Course: Flows through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
      • Tributaries: Pravara, Purna, Manjira, Pranhita, Indravati, Sabari.
      • Significance: Known as the 'Dakshina Ganga' due to its extensive basin, it supports major irrigation and hydroelectric projects.
    • Krishna River
      • Origin: Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra.
      • Course: Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
      • Tributaries: Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Musi.
      • Significance: Supports agriculture and numerous dams like Nagarjuna Sagar.
    • Kaveri (Cauvery) River
      • Origin: Talakaveri, Karnataka.
      • Course: Flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
      • Tributaries: Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Amaravati, Noyyal.
      • Significance: Known for its extensive irrigation canals and fertile delta.
    • Mahanadi River
      • Origin: Sihawa, Chhattisgarh.
      • Course: Flows through Chhattisgarh and Odisha, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
      • Tributaries: Seonath, Jonk, Hasdeo, Mand, Ib, Tel.
      • Significance: Supports major irrigation projects and is known for the Hirakud Dam.

    2. West Flowing Rivers

    These rivers flow westwards into the Arabian Sea.

    • Narmada River
      • Origin: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh.
      • Course: Flows through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, and empties into the Arabian Sea.
      • Tributaries: Tawa, Hiran, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar, Dudhi.
      • Significance: Known for the Narmada Valley Project, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
    • Tapi (Tapti) River
      • Origin: Satpura Range, Madhya Pradesh.
      • Course: Flows through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, and empties into the Arabian Sea.
      • Tributaries: Purna, Girna, Panjhra, Waghur.
      • Significance: Supports irrigation and hydropower projects.
    • Sabarmati River
      • Origin: Aravalli Range, Rajasthan.
      • Course: Flows through Rajasthan and Gujarat, and empties into the Gulf of Khambhat.
      • Tributaries: Hathmati, Wakal, Sei, Harnav.
      • Significance: Important for Gujarat, supports urban water supply and agriculture.
    • Mahi River
      • Origin: Vindhya Range, Madhya Pradesh.
      • Course: Flows through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat, and empties into the Arabian Sea.
      • Tributaries: Som, Anas, Panam.
      • Significance: Supports irrigation and hydropower projects.

    3. Significance

    • Agriculture: Peninsular rivers are crucial for irrigation, supporting extensive agricultural activities in their respective regions.
    • Hydropower: Many rivers have significant hydropower potential, with numerous dams and hydroelectric projects.
    • Domestic and Industrial Water Supply: Provide essential water resources for domestic use and industrial activities.
    • Cultural Importance: Many rivers hold cultural and religious significance, with several festivals and rituals centered around them.

    4. Challenges

    • Seasonal Variability: The flow of many peninsular rivers is highly seasonal, leading to water scarcity during dry months.
    • Pollution: Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste contribute to the pollution of these rivers.
    • Interstate Disputes: Water sharing disputes among states, especially for rivers like Krishna and Kaveri, pose significant challenges.
    • Siltation: Though less compared to Himalayan rivers, some peninsular rivers also face siltation issues affecting their flow and storage capacity.

    River Basins of India

    1. Definition

    A river basin is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It is a natural geographical unit that encompasses the entire watershed of the river system.

    2. Major River Basins in India

    1. Indus Basin

    • Area: Covers parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
    • Major Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej.
    • Significance: Supports extensive irrigation systems, including the Indira Gandhi Canal, and major dams like Bhakra Nangal.

    2. Ganga Basin

    • Area: Spans Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Delhi.
    • Major Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Son.
    • Significance: The most fertile and densely populated basin, critical for agriculture, cultural activities, and supporting major cities like Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi, Patna, and Kolkata.

    3. Brahmaputra Basin

    • Area: Encompasses Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, and parts of Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Sikkim.
    • Major Rivers: Brahmaputra, Subansiri, Manas, Teesta.
    • Significance: Rich in biodiversity, supports extensive floodplain agriculture, and has significant hydropower potential.

    4. Godavari Basin

    • Area: Covers Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
    • Major Rivers: Godavari, Pravara, Manjira, Indravati, Sabari.
    • Significance: Known as the 'Dakshina Ganga,' it supports agriculture, hydropower, and major irrigation projects like the Polavaram Project.

    5. Krishna Basin

    • Area: Spans Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • Major Rivers: Krishna, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Musi.
    • Significance: Supports significant agricultural activities and hydropower projects, including the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.

    6. Mahanadi Basin

    • Area: Encompasses Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.
    • Major Rivers: Mahanadi, Seonath, Jonk, Hasdeo, Ib, Tel.
    • Significance: Major source of irrigation and hydropower, with significant projects like the Hirakud Dam.

    7. Narmada Basin

    • Area: Covers Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
    • Major Rivers: Narmada, Tawa, Hiran, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar, Dudhi.
    • Significance: Supports irrigation and hydropower projects, with key projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam.

    8. Tapi Basin

    • Area: Encompasses Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
    • Major Rivers: Tapi, Purna, Girna, Panjhra, Waghur.
    • Significance: Provides water for irrigation and hydropower, with major projects like the Ukai Dam.

    9. Kaveri Basin

    • Area: Spans Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry.
    • Major Rivers: Kaveri, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Amaravati, Noyyal.
    • Significance: Supports extensive agriculture, with key irrigation projects like the Mettur Dam and the KRS Dam.

    3. Importance of River Basins

    • Agriculture: River basins are crucial for irrigated agriculture, supporting the cultivation of a variety of crops.
    • Water Supply: Provide essential water resources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use.
    • Hydropower: Many river basins have significant hydropower potential, contributing to energy generation.
    • Biodiversity: Support diverse ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, and aquatic habitats.
    • Cultural Significance: Rivers and their basins hold immense cultural and religious importance, being integral to various traditions and practices.

    4. Challenges

    • Pollution: Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste lead to water pollution, affecting ecosystems and human health.
    • Over-Extraction: Excessive extraction of water for agriculture, industry, and domestic use leads to water scarcity and degradation of river ecosystems.
    • Flooding: Many river basins, especially those of the Ganga and Brahmaputra, are prone to severe flooding, causing loss of life and property.
    • Interstate Disputes: Water sharing disputes among states, particularly in river basins like Krishna and Kaveri, create significant challenges for water management.
    • Climate Change: Changes in precipitation patterns and glacial melt due to climate change impact the flow and health of river basins.

    5. Sustainable Management

    • Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Adopting IWRM approaches to manage water resources holistically, considering the needs of all stakeholders.
    • Pollution Control: Implementing stricter regulations and treatment facilities to reduce pollution.
    • Conservation Efforts: Protecting and restoring ecosystems, including wetlands and forests, within river basins.
    • Efficient Irrigation Practices: Promoting water-efficient irrigation techniques to reduce water wastage in agriculture.
    • Conflict Resolution: Developing frameworks for equitable water sharing and resolving interstate disputes.

    Regional Development and Planning in India

    1. Definition

    Regional development and planning involve strategies and policies aimed at promoting balanced economic growth, reducing regional disparities, and ensuring equitable development across different regions of a country.

    2. Objectives

    • Balanced Growth: Ensure even development across regions to prevent over-concentration of economic activities in specific areas.
    • Reduction of Disparities: Minimize socio-economic inequalities between regions, particularly between urban and rural areas.
    • Optimal Resource Utilization: Efficiently use regional resources to enhance productivity and development.
    • Sustainable Development: Promote economic growth while preserving environmental and cultural resources.
    • Improved Quality of Life: Enhance living standards by providing adequate infrastructure, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities.

    3. Key Aspects

    1. Economic Planning

    • Five-Year Plans: India adopted centralized economic planning through Five-Year Plans, aimed at coordinated and strategic development across sectors and regions.
    • Focus Areas: Agriculture, industry, infrastructure, education, health, and social welfare.
    • Regional Policies: Specific programs targeting backward and underdeveloped regions to promote balanced development.

    2. Infrastructure Development

    • Transportation: Development of roadways, railways, ports, and airports to enhance connectivity and facilitate trade.
    • Energy: Expansion of electricity generation and distribution networks, including renewable energy sources.
    • Water Resources: Development of irrigation systems, water supply schemes, and sanitation facilities.
    • Urban Development: Planned development of urban areas with emphasis on housing, public services, and sustainable city planning.

    3. Industrial Development

    • Industrial Corridors: Establishment of industrial corridors like the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) to boost manufacturing and trade.
    • Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Creation of SEZs to attract investment, promote exports, and generate employment.
    • MSMEs Support: Encouraging the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for regional industrialization.

    4. Rural Development

    • Agricultural Modernization: Promoting modern farming techniques, irrigation, and access to markets.
    • Rural Infrastructure: Development of rural roads, electrification, water supply, and sanitation.
    • Poverty Alleviation: Programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to provide employment and improve rural livelihoods.

    5. Human Resource Development

    • Education: Expansion of educational facilities, vocational training, and skill development programs.
    • Healthcare: Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, accessibility, and services in both urban and rural areas.
    • Social Welfare: Initiatives for marginalized communities, including women, children, and the elderly.

    4. Regional Planning Approaches

    1. Growth Centers

    • Concept: Developing key urban centers to stimulate economic activities in surrounding regions.
    • Example: Development of cities like Bengaluru, Pune, and Hyderabad as IT and industrial hubs.

    2. Backward Area Development

    • Targeted Interventions: Special schemes and incentives to attract investment and promote development in backward regions.
    • Example: Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) aimed at bridging regional imbalances.

    3. River Basin Planning

    • Integrated Development: Planning based on river basins to optimize water resource management and promote regional development.
    • Example: Integrated development plans for the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins.

    4. Tribal Area Development

    • Focused Programs: Development programs tailored to the socio-economic and cultural needs of tribal populations.
    • Example: Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) for the holistic development of tribal regions.

    5. Challenges

    • Regional Disparities: Persistent inequalities between developed and underdeveloped regions.
    • Resource Allocation: Ensuring equitable distribution of resources and investments across regions.
    • Urban-Rural Divide: Bridging the gap between urban and rural areas in terms of infrastructure and services.
    • Environmental Concerns: Balancing development with environmental conservation and sustainability.
    • Implementation Issues: Effective implementation and monitoring of development plans and policies.

    6. Future Directions

    • Decentralized Planning: Empowering local governments and communities in the planning and implementation process.
    • Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encouraging PPPs for infrastructure and industrial development.
    • Technology and Innovation: Leveraging technology for smart city initiatives, digital infrastructure, and innovative solutions.
    • Inclusive Development: Ensuring inclusive growth by addressing the needs of marginalized and vulnerable populations.
    • Sustainable Practices: Emphasizing sustainable development practices to protect the environment and ensure long-term viability.

    Hydropower Projects and Major Dams in India

    1. Importance of Hydropower

    • Renewable Energy Source: Hydropower is a clean and renewable energy source, crucial for reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
    • Energy Security: Provides a significant portion of India's electricity generation, contributing to energy security.
    • Irrigation and Flood Control: Dams facilitate irrigation, improve water management, and help in flood control.
    • Economic Development: Hydropower projects create jobs and stimulate local economies.

    2. Major Dams and Hydropower Projects

    1. Bhakra Nangal Dam

    • Location: Himachal Pradesh.
    • River: Sutlej.
    • Commissioned: 1963.
    • Capacity: 1,325 MW (Bhakra: 1,050 MW; Nangal: 275 MW).
    • Significance: One of the highest gravity dams in the world, it supports irrigation and hydroelectric power generation, significantly contributing to agriculture in Punjab and Haryana.

    2. Sardar Sarovar Dam

    • Location: Gujarat.
    • River: Narmada.
    • Commissioned: 2008.
    • Capacity: 1,450 MW.
    • Significance: Part of the Narmada Valley Project, it provides water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, and has improved the livelihoods of millions in the region.

    3. Tehri Dam

    • Location: Uttarakhand.
    • River: Bhagirathi.
    • Commissioned: 2006.
    • Capacity: 1,000 MW.
    • Significance: The highest dam in India, it plays a crucial role in flood control, irrigation, and drinking water supply, along with hydroelectric generation.

    4. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

    • Location: Andhra Pradesh.
    • River: Krishna.
    • Commissioned: 1967.
    • Capacity: 1,600 MW.
    • Significance: One of the largest masonry dams in the world, it supports irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation, benefiting Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

    5. Hirakud Dam

    • Location: Odisha.
    • River: Mahanadi.
    • Commissioned: 1957.
    • Capacity: 347.5 MW.
    • Significance: One of the longest earthen dams, it provides irrigation, flood control, and power generation, playing a critical role in the agriculture of the Mahanadi delta.

    6. Ranjit Sagar Dam

    • Location: Punjab.
    • River: Ravi.
    • Commissioned: 2001.
    • Capacity: 600 MW.
    • Significance: Supports irrigation and hydroelectric power generation, also providing recreational opportunities.

    7. Koynanagar Dam

    • Location: Maharashtra.
    • River: Koyna.
    • Commissioned: 1969.
    • Capacity: 1,960 MW.
    • Significance: The largest hydroelectric project in India, it plays a vital role in providing power to the western grid.

    3. Future Prospects

    • Expansion: India aims to increase its hydropower capacity as part of its commitment to renewable energy.
    • Small and Micro Hydropower Projects: Emphasis on small-scale projects to promote local energy generation and sustainable practices.
    • Sustainable Practices: Adoption of environmentally friendly practices in dam construction and operation to mitigate ecological impacts.

    4. Challenges

    • Environmental Concerns: Dams can disrupt local ecosystems, fish migration, and sediment transport.
    • Displacement of Communities: Large dam projects may require the relocation of local populations, leading to socio-economic issues.
    • Maintenance and Safety: Aging infrastructure requires regular maintenance and upgrades to ensure safety and efficiency.

    WEST FLOWING AND EAST FLOWING RIVERS IN INDIA

    In India, rivers are broadly categorized based on the direction in which they flow—westward into the Arabian Sea or eastward into the Bay of Bengal. Here's an overview of the major west-flowing and east-flowing rivers:

    West-Flowing Rivers

    1. Narmada River

    • Origin: Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Course: Flows westward through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
    • Significance: Known for the Sardar Sarovar Dam and supports agriculture in the region.

    2. Tapi (or Tapti) River

    • Origin: Satpura Range, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Course: Flows westward through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
    • Significance: Provides water for irrigation and supports local economies.

    3. Sabarmati River

    • Origin: Aravalli Range, Rajasthan.
    • Course: Flows westward through Rajasthan and Gujarat.
    • Significance: Supplies water for irrigation and supports urban water supply in Ahmedabad.

    4. Mahi River

    • Origin: Vindhya Range, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Course: Flows westward through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
    • Significance: Supports irrigation and hydropower projects.

    East-Flowing Rivers

    1. Ganga (Ganges) River

    • Origin: Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand.
    • Course: Flows eastward through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Significance: The lifeline of North India, supports agriculture, industry, and cultural activities.

    2. Brahmaputra River

    • Origin: Tibet (China).
    • Course: Flows eastward through Assam before entering Bangladesh and emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Significance: Supports diverse ecosystems, agriculture, and hydropower generation.

    3. Godavari River

    • Origin: Western Ghats, Maharashtra.
    • Course: Flows eastward through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Significance: Known as the 'Dakshina Ganga,' supports extensive agriculture and hydropower projects.

    4. Krishna River

    • Origin: Western Ghats, Maharashtra.
    • Course: Flows eastward through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Significance: Supports agriculture, industry, and hydropower generation, including the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.

    Characteristics and Significance

    • West-Flowing Rivers: Generally shorter in length, flow through rocky terrain, and form estuaries on the west coast. They are important for local agriculture, irrigation, and sometimes hydropower generation.
    • East-Flowing Rivers: Longer in length, originate from the Western Ghats or Himalayas, and support extensive agriculture in the fertile plains they traverse. They are also vital for hydropower generation and supply water for drinking and industrial use.

    Interlinking of Rivers in India

    1. Concept

    Interlinking of rivers involves connecting different river systems through a network of canals, dams, and reservoirs to manage water resources more effectively. The idea is to mitigate flooding, provide irrigation, and enhance water availability in drought-prone areas.

    2. Objectives

    • Irrigation Enhancement: Increase the area under irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
    • Flood Control: Manage flood risks by redirecting excess water from flood-prone rivers to deficit areas.
    • Water Supply: Provide a reliable supply of water for drinking and industrial use.
    • Hydropower Generation: Facilitate the generation of renewable energy through linked river systems.

    3. Key Proposals

    • National Perspective Plan (NPP): Launched in 1980, this plan outlines the interlinking of major river systems across India to address water scarcity and regional imbalances.
    • Peninsular River Development: Proposes linking rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri to optimize water use and irrigation.
    • Himalayan River Development: Proposes links involving Himalayan rivers to manage water flow and enhance irrigation in northern and northeastern states.

    4. Major Proposed Links

    • Ken-Betwa Link: Aims to connect the Ken River (Madhya Pradesh) with the Betwa River (Madhya Pradesh) for irrigation and drinking water supply.
    • Damanganga-Pinjal Link: Proposed to transfer water from the Damanganga River (Gujarat) to the Pinjal River (Maharashtra) for water supply to Mumbai.
    • Ganga–Yamuna Link: Proposed to connect the Ganga and Yamuna rivers to ensure steady water flow and irrigation.

    5. Benefits

    • Increased Irrigation: Could potentially enhance agricultural productivity and food security.
    • Drought Mitigation: Provides water to drought-prone areas, reducing reliance on erratic monsoon patterns.
    • Economic Development: Improved water availability can stimulate local economies, especially in agriculture and allied sectors.

    6. Challenges and Concerns

    • Environmental Impact: Concerns about altering river ecosystems, affecting biodiversity, and changing sediment transport patterns.
    • Social Implications: Potential displacement of communities and changes in local livelihoods due to damming and water diversion.
    • Technical Feasibility: Engineering challenges related to long-distance water transfer and maintaining water quality.
    • Cost: High financial investments required for construction and maintenance of interlinking projects.

    7. Current Status

    While some projects have received approval and are under implementation, the interlinking of rivers remains a contentious issue with ongoing debates about its feasibility, environmental implications, and socio-economic effects. Sustainable and balanced approaches are essential to address water management challenges while minimizing adverse impacts.

     

© Copyrights 2022 design by saytech

web counter