Types of Inflation: Demand Pull, Cost-Push, Stagflation, Structural Inflation, Deflation, and Disinflation.

Inflation in India: CPI, WPI, GDP Deflator, Inflation Rate

Inflation in India is a key economic indicator that affects every aspect of the economy, from consumer spending to investment decisions. It is measured using various indices and methods, each capturing different aspects of price changes. Here's a detailed look at the primary measures of inflation in India:

1. Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Definition

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services.

Components

• Basket of Goods and Services: Includes items such as food, clothing, housing, fuel, medical care, education, and transportation.
• Weights: Different items in the basket are assigned weights based on their relative importance in the average consumer's expenditure.

Calculation

• CPI Formula: CPI=(Cost of Basket in Current YearCost of Basket in Base Year)×100\text{CPI} = \left( \frac{\text{Cost of Basket in Current Year}}{\text{Cost of Basket in Base Year}} \right) \times 100CPI=(Cost of Basket in Base YearCost of Basket in Current Year)×100

Types of CPI in India

• CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW): Focuses on the consumption patterns of industrial workers.
• CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) and Rural Labourers (CPI-RL): Reflect consumption patterns of agricultural and rural laborers.
• CPI (Rural, Urban, and Combined): Comprehensive indices covering rural, urban, and a combined category.

Importance

• Inflation Targeting: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses CPI as the primary measure for inflation targeting.
• Policy Formulation: CPI data is critical for formulating fiscal and monetary policies.
• Cost of Living Adjustments: Used to adjust wages, pensions, and social security benefits.

2. Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

Definition

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in the prices of goods at the wholesale level.

Components

• Basket of Goods: Includes primary articles (food and non-food), fuel and power, and manufactured products.
• Weights: Items in the WPI basket are assigned weights based on their relative importance in the wholesale market.

Calculation

• WPI Formula: WPI=(Current Price of BasketBase Year Price of Basket)×100\text{WPI} = \left( \frac{\text{Current Price of Basket}}{\text{Base Year Price of Basket}} \right) \times 100WPI=(Base Year Price of BasketCurrent Price of Basket)×100

Importance

• Inflation Indicator: WPI provides an early indication of price movements in the economy.
• Policy Decisions: Used by the government and businesses to make informed decisions.
• Contracts and Pricing: Often used in price escalation clauses in contracts.

3. GDP Deflator

Definition

The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level of all domestically produced final goods and services in an economy. It is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP.

Calculation

• GDP Deflator Formula: GDP Deflator=(Nominal GDPReal GDP)×100\text{GDP Deflator} = \left( \frac{\text{Nominal GDP}}{\text{Real GDP}} \right) \times 100GDP Deflator=(Real GDPNominal GDP)×100

Importance

• Broad Measure: Unlike CPI and WPI, the GDP deflator covers all goods and services produced domestically, not just a basket.
• Economic Analysis: Used to convert nominal GDP into real GDP, helping to understand the true growth of the economy.
• Policy Making: Helps in assessing the impact of inflation on economic growth.

4. Inflation Rate

Definition

The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level of a basket of goods and services over a period of time, usually a year.

Calculation

• Inflation Rate Formula: Inflation Rate=(Price Level in Current Year−Price Level in Previous YearPrice Level in Previous Year)×100\text{Inflation Rate} = \left( \frac{\text{Price Level in Current Year} - \text{Price Level in Previous Year}}{\text{Price Level in Previous Year}} \right) \times 100Inflation Rate=(Price Level in Previous YearPrice Level in Current Year−Price Level in Previous Year)×100

Types of Inflation

• Headline Inflation: Based on the CPI, representing the overall inflation in the economy.
• Core Inflation: Excludes volatile items like food and fuel to provide a clearer picture of long-term inflation trends.

Comparison of CPI, WPI, and GDP Deflator

Feature	CPI	WPI	GDP Deflator
Coverage	Consumer goods and services	Goods at wholesale level	All domestically produced goods and services
Weights	Based on consumer expenditure	Based on wholesale market importance	Not based on fixed basket; reflects current production structure
Frequency	Monthly	Weekly/monthly	Quarterly/annually
Use	Inflation targeting, cost of living adjustments	Early indicator of price changes	Economic analysis, converting nominal GDP to real GDP
Agency	Central Statistics Office (CSO)	Office of the Economic Adviser	Central Statistics Office (CSO)